Like an incandescent bulb, a halogen light bulb uses a tungsten filament. However, a halogen bulb’s filament is enclosed in a much smaller quartz envelope than that of an incandescent bulb. Since the envelope is so close to the filament, it would melt if it were made of regular glass. Also, the halogen bulb's gas is different from an incandescent bulb's gas. The halogen's gas comes from the halogen group. The halogen gas combines with the tungsten atoms as they evaporate. The atoms are then re-deposited on the filament, letting the filament last much longer. Because of this, the filament is able to run hotter, producing more light per unit of energy. As you can imagine, halogen bulbs can get very hot, much hotter than a normal incandescent bulb.
Halogen bulbs are generally ten to twenty percent more efficient than regular incandescent bulbs of similar wattage. They also have a longer life, usually lasting two to three times as long as an incandescent bulb.